SD

SALES AND Distribution

SAP SD handles all the processes of order to delivery. It executing all kinds of the business processes used in selling, shipping and billing of products and services.

• Inquiries & Quotes
• Sales Orders
• Sales Return
• Consignment
• Contract & Scheduling Agreements
• Credit & Debit Memo requests
• Rust Orders & Cash Sales
• Back Orders

R/3 - 

R/3 is present as a three-tiered architecture, which is used by the system. there are three tiers following are.

1. Application Server
2. Database server
3. Presentation Server

Organizational Structure :

1. Sales Organization
2. Distribution Channel
3. Division
4. Sales Office
5. Sales Group

Shipping Process :

Shipping is an essential part of any manufacturing company to ensure efficient customer services and delivery of products. The shipping is required for Outbound delivery, Planning and monitoring, post goods issues, picking and packing of goods and shipping communication.

Periodic Billing :

Full amount in each bill till contract period.

Milestone Billing : 

Partial amount in each bill till full amount is billed.

Determining Shipping Point :

Shipping point is determined by.

Shipping Conditions+ Loading Group+ Delivery Plant = Shipping Point

Assigning Distribution Channel to Sales Organization :

To assign distribution to sales organization in SAP.

SPRO(SAP Project Reference Object)-->IMG-->Enterprise Structure---> Assignment---> Sales and Distribution---> Assign Distribution channel to sales organization.

Sales Document Type :

1. Credit Memo Request
2. Debit Memo Request
3. Standard Order
4. Returns.

Transaction Data and Master Data :

Master Data refers to the characteristics of an object whereas transaction data refers to all the transactions that are carried out using the object. Any data which does not change so frequently in master data like configuration settings like company data, personal area etc. Any data which keeps changing so often in transactional data, like employee data. 

Sales Organization : An Organizational unit sells and distributes products, negotiates term of sales, and is responsible for these truncations.

Distribution Channel : This channel through which materials or services reach customers. Typical distribution channels include internet sale, wholesale, retail and direct sales. We can assign a distribution channel to one or more sales organizations.

Division: Product groups can be defined for a wide ranging spectrum of products.

Credit Control Area - A Credit control is necessary for assigning more than one company code to more than one credit control area. Credit control area is present as an organizational unit used for specifying and checking credit limits for customers.

Delivery Scheduling - In General there are two types of techniques available in delivery scheduling. These are mentioned as -

1. Forward Scheduling - In this system, we can calculate the earliest possible date dependent on the material available date.
2. Backward Scheduling- This is about calculating the requested delivery date.

Outline Agreement - An Outline Agreement is defined as a long-term purchasing agreement done with  the vendors. In this agreement, we will find general terms and conditions related to the material that is usually supplied by the vendors. Outline Agreements have two types that are involved in the SAP SD.

1. Scheduling Agreement - It is known as an external agreement comprising the details of services, products and delivery dates.
2. Contract - The contracts usually exist between ordering parties and vendors over a specified period. we will find two types of contracts mentioned as value contracts and quantity contracts.

Inquiry - The inquiry is the process that includes registration of customer's probable requirements.

Quotation - The quotation is a kind of legally abiding document, which is offered to customers following the terms and conditions for delivering the service as well as the product. 

Consignment Stock - Consignment stock is generally the material that is available on the company premises but does not add in the stock. It is only added when it is either marked as sold or sent to the production.

Transaction Codes for Creating and Changing Customer Master -

XD01 - Used for creating customers

XD02 - Required for changing a customer

XD03 - Displaying a customer

XD04 - Essential for altering customer changes

XD05 - Required for blocking a customer centrally

XD06 - Marking a customer for deletion

XD07 - Changing a customer account group

XD99 - Upholds customer maintenance

XDN1 - Keeping the numbers ranging for a customer

SAP Credit Memo - IT is usually created based on a credit memo request. It can be generated at the time when we have to pay the customer.

SAP Return Order - The return order is about receiving the returned goods coming from the customers. Hence, the sales department is responsible for creating return orders, and based on this return delivery document is created.

Sales Office - Sales office is a geographical group that is created for structuring a sales team within an organization. The sales office can be assigned to one or more Sales Area.

Sales Groups - There is a staff of sales office that is divided into sales groups and further to sales employees, so sales groups is a kind of group of persons related to the sales department working for numerous purposes.

Sales Employees - Sales employees are those who have personnel master records required for managing data of sales employees.

Shipping Point - It is a point from where the team can ship the deliveries of products.

Loading Point - The subdivision of the shipping point is referred to as a loading point that means a manual entry in the header data of delivery according to customization.

Ship to Party - Where a person received the goods

Payer - A person pays the payment

Sold to Party - An individual who places the order

Bill to Party - A person who gets the bills.

SD Organizational Structure

In SAP, several structures can be used to represent the legal and organizational structure of the company. Organizational elements can structured from the point of view of accounting, materials management and sales and distribution. It is possible to compile these structures. The organizational structures form a framework in which all business transactions can be processed.

Following organizational units represents sales and distribution module:

1. Sales Organization
2. Distribution Channel
3. Division

SD module uses some other organizational units which are maintained by other modules in SAP.

1. Company code(FI)
2. Plant(Material Management)
3. Storage Location(Material Management)

Following is the organizational structure:

 MATERIAL MANAGEMENT

SAP MM is a function module in SAP that deals with procurement handling and material management. The MM contains master data, system configuration and transactions to complete the procure to pay process.

Essential Components in MM :

1. Determine requirements

2. Source determination

3. Vendor Selection

4. Order Processing

5. Order follow up

6. Goods receipt and inventory management

7. Invoice verification

Advantages : 

1. Multi-Location Inventory

2. Inventory replenishment

3. Product life cycle management

4. Material Valuation

5. The lot and Serial traceability

6. Bin Management

7. Scheduling and Resourcing

Uses of MM :

• SAP MM is the backbone of the logistics area, which has modules like sales and distribution, Project system, Plant maintenance, Production Planning .
• MM module supports all sorts of material management like control, planning etc..
• MM module assists in managing the procurement activity of a company from procurement.

Procurement Life Cycle :

1. Check about the requirements: The procurement process starts with gathering information about the goods and their quantity. Once gathered all the information, the necessary steps are taken to find out the suppliers to satisfy the requirements.

2. Contact Suppliers: After gathering all the information, the next will be to look for suppliers to get the requirements. then, quotation requests are sent to suppliers to get the best rates.

3. Review about the background: Once we get known about the suppliers, necessary steps are taken to investigate the suppliers like warranties, maintenance services, etc. that he can offer along with supply.

4. Negotiation : After reviewing the background, negotiation is done by the buyer. Whatever negotiation is made, it is finalized by an agreement along with other information like delivery date, the quantity of material, etc.

5. Fulfilment of Order : Finally, the Order becomes delivered to the supplier accordingly ordered.

6. Consumption, Maintenance and Disposal : Lastly, necessary steps are initiated to consume, maintained and dispose of the material.

Types of Stocks :

There are three different types of  stocks:

1. Valuated Stock

2. Non-Valuated Stock

3. Special Stock

Where the valuated stock is further divided into three parts :

1. Unrestricted Stock

2. Blocked Stock

3. Quality Inspection Stock

Special Stock Available in MM :

1. Subcontracting

2. Consignment

3. Project 

4. Pipeline Handling

5. Stock Transport Order

6. Stock transfer

7. Returnable Packaging with customer... etc

Consignment Stock :

Consignment Stocks mean those materials that are still available in the store premises, but it belongs to the owner or seller. When the buyer uses the consignment stocks, he has to pay for it.

Special Procurement : 

Special Procurement on SAP MM means those stocks that do not belong to a company. These are kept at different locations.

Common Assignment Types in MM :

1. Purchasing Organization to Company Code.

2. Standard Purchasing Organization to Plant.

3. Plant To Company Code

4. Purchasing Organization To Plant.

Important Fields in Purchasing View :

The critical fields in purchasing view are :

1. Base Unit of Measure

2. Order Unit

3. Purchasing group

4. Material Group

5. Valid from

6. Tax indicator for material

7. Manufacturer Part number

8. Manufacturer .. etc

Importance of the Batch Record : 

A batch tells about a quantity of a particular product, which is processed or produced at the same time with the same parameters. The materials produced in such batch have the same values and characteristics. While, the batch record gives the information about a particular batch product and helpful in knowing whether the product has gone through Good Manufacturing Process(GMP).

Linking a Document to a Vendor Master Record : 

To link the document with the vendor master record by using the XK01 transaction code                                  
or
SAP Manu-->Logistics-->Material Management--->Purchasing--->Master Data--->Vendor--->Central--->XK01-Create.

Major Purchasing Tables with Transaction Codes :

1. Purchase Requisition  ----> EKBN

2. Purchasing Requisition Account Assignment  -----> EBKN

3. Release Documentation ----> EKAB

4. History of Purchase Documents ----> EKBE

Information Record Contained Following Data : 

The Information Record contains data related to the units of measurement, such as  

Products

Vendor price

Materials used by specific Vendors, etc. 

It also contains information on the tolerance limit of the under delivery of data, Vendor Evaluation data, Planned Delivery time, Availability status for Goods.

Info Record Types :

1. Standard

2. Pipeline

3. Subcontracting

4. Consignment

Purchase Order : 

Purchase Order is sent a buyer to his sender to final confirm the requirements. Purchase order  has  name , Quantity of materials, valuable information like details of purchasing company with company code, name of material along with the corresponding plant and date for delivery of material.

Internal Procurement : 

In Large Organization, there are different separate businesses. With an internal procurement process, the requirements of material and services are gathered from an identical company. However, each of identical company has to maintain a complete  book keeping system along with separate Profit and Loss statements, Balance Sheets.

External Procurement :

When the procurement of products or services is done from external vendors, it is known as external procurement. It has three primary forms, such as :

One Time Orders : This term is used for those goods that are needed irregularly.

Longer-term contracts: This term is used for those materials that are ordered regularly in large quantities.

Long-term Scheduling agreements : This term is used for that material, which is ordered regularly and also in large quantities.

Material Requirement Planning (MRP) :

Material Requirement Planning or MRP is a module is SAP ERP. It is a sort of planning tool to assist procurement and production planners in establishing realstic and possible plans which help to initiate procurement and production procedures swiftly.

Consumption Based Planning (CBP) :

Consumption based planning or CBP is depended upon past consumption values. It is used to forecast to find out future requirements. These processes in CBP do not rely on the master production schedule. It is activated either when the stock level comes below a particular reorder point or when forecast needs calculating with past consumption values.

Production Order :

It decides which material needs to be prepared at which time and location and also concern about the quantity required. It also determines about components and sequence of operations that need to be involved. Moreover, it also concerns about the order costs need to be resolved.

Purchase Order :

It is issued by a vendor or a factory to supply a certain quantity of products and services at a particular time and location.

Process Order :

When thorough planning and execution of process manufacturing is determined, it is known as process orders. It identifies the production of materials in a production run.

Difference between MRP and CBP  :

The primary difference between CBP and MRP is that when we plan material, we use MRP to predict the requirements of materials based on SOP(Sales and Operations Planning). Moreover, in CBP, we have to forecast the MM depended upon the historical demand for materials.

Master Production Schedule(MSP) :

MSP is used to plan for individual commodities that need to produce in each time, such as production, inventory, staffing, etc. It is linked to manufacturing, where the plan shows how much and when each product will be demanded.

Procurement for Stock :

It means the storage of material in stock. In It, the material gets stored once it received from the seller. The quantity of stock material depends upon the demand for the material. To record all information about the stock, we maintain the master record in the system.

Procurement for Direct Consumption :

When the storage of material is used or consumed once it received, it is known as procurement for direct consumption. Before ordering material for consumption, a master record is maintained within the system.

MIRO : 

MIRO means Movement In Receipt Out. It deals with invoice verification activities in terms of bills that raised from the vendor's end.

Invoice Processing :

It is used by a company's account payable to manage supplier invoices. Invoice processing is initiated when an invoice is accepted and ends when it becomes clear, and it becomes shown in the general ledger.

MIGO :

MIGO means Movement In Goods Out. It is used for those goods that are moving out like from plant to plant transfer, goods receipt, storage location to storage location transfer, etc.. The term MIGO is used by the logistics department.

RFI :

RFI means a Request For Information. It is used for the business process that assembles written information about the competencies of sellers.

RFP :

RFP means Request For Proposal. It is a document where a proposal is sent by a company or agency for the acquisition of some goods and services to any potential seller to send business proposals.

RFQ Process:

1. First enter the t-code a ME41, then enter RFQ type as "AN"

2. Write down the location ie.. the late date when the seller submits the quotation. Enter the purchasing group, delivery date and other information and press on the click button.

3. you are able to see a new screen wherein you have to fill the item codes. Now enter the item codes and also the vendor's details.

Moreover, more requesta can be made as per vendor's details.

Creation Of Purchase Requisition :

With the help of T-code ME51N, a purchase requision is created with the help of below steps.

First execution of ME51N transaction.

Then, arrange purchase requisition document type: NB

Now source determination : OFF or ON

Now enter header note, material number, UoM, Quantity and Storage location. then the Vendor is automatically decided with source determination.

Now add the tracking number, valuation prices and final save the transaction data.

Goods Receipt and Post Goods Receipt :

When the physical inbound transfer of material and goods are made into the warehouse is known as Goods receipt. It includes the transfer of those goods that have received from in-plant production or external vendors. Issuing of goods receipt always results in a hike in stock in the ware house.

When the receipt of goods are posted with reference to the purchase order with which products or goods were ordered are known as a post goods receipt. When the material is sent with reference to a purchase order, then all departments must make an entry in the system reference.

Outline Agreement :

Outline agreement is a purchase agreement that is made for a long term basis. It is made with the seller having  terms and conditions about the goods or material that is needed to send by the seller. This agreement is valid for a particular time, and it covers a specific predefined quantity or value.

Material Master :

Material master has information regarding different sorts of material such as raw material, finished product. It is used to identify a product, goods issue, goods receipt, purchase material, production confirmation and MRP.

Contract in MM :

In SAP MM, the contract is a long term agreement that is made between the seller and ordering party for predefined material for a specific framework. Basically, there are two types of contracts.

Quantity Contract: In quantity contract, the entire value is mentioned in terms of quantity needed to be supplied by the seller.

Value Contract: In Value contract, the entire amount that is needed to be paid by the vendor.

Significance of the Batch Record:

A batch is used to get about the quality of a particular product that is needed to process or produced simultaneously. It should be noted that the material that is produced in such a batch must have the same attributes and values. Moreover, the batch record ensures information about a specific batch product. It also assists in letting know whether the product has gone through Good Manufacturing Process(GMP) or not.

Movement Types :

101: It is used for Goods Receipt against the Purchase Order.

102: It is used as a reverse of the material document that was created in 101 movement type.

122: It is used to return goods to the seller.

123: It is used to cancel movement 122 documents.

161: It is used to return products to the seller against a purchase order for 

162: It is used to cancel the movement 161 documents. 

201: It is used to process Goods issue against the cost center.

202: It is used to cancel the 201 movement document.

221: It is used to process Goods issue against projects. 

222: It is used to cancel the 221 movement document.

261: It is used to process Goods issue against the order.

262: It is used to cancel the 261 movement document.

311: It is used when there is a need to transfer posting between storage locations. 

312: It is used to cancel the 311 movement document.

321: It is used to transfer goods or products from quality to unrestricted stock.

322: It is used in case of a reverse of 321 movement type.

343: It is used to transfer goods or products from unblocked to unrestricted stock.

344: It is used in case of a reverse of 343 movement type.

349: It is used to transfer goods or products from blocked to quality stock.

350: It is used in case of a reverse of 349 movement type.

411: It is used to transfer their own stock or goods to own.

412: It is used in case of a reverse of 411 movement type.

501: It is used to issue Goods Receipt without any purchase order.

502: It is used in case of a reverse of 502 movement type.

511: It is used to issue free of charge goods receipt.

512: It is used in case of a reverse of the 511 movement type.

551: It is used to process Goods Issue for scrapping.

552: It is used in case of a reverse of 551 movement type.

561: It is used to show the initial entry of stock.

562: It is used in case of a reverse of 561 movement type.

601: It is used to issue Good’s Issue against delivery.

602: It is used in case of a reverse of the 601 movement type.

641: It is used to transfer or send goods to stock in transit.

642: It is used in case of a reverse of 641 movement type.

651: It is used in case of return delivery of goods.

652: It is used in case of a reverse of 651 movement type.

Find the length of a given string, without using "len" function

 Find the length of a string, without using "len" function..?

x="String"

i=1

Do

   y=mid(x,i,1)

   if y="" then

      exit do

   else

      i=i+1

   end if

loop until y=""

msgbox i-1

Write a script to find the number of letters present in the given string ?

Write a script  to find out the number of “T” in the given string?

x="UFT test automation"

y=split(x,"")

count=0 

total=0

For i=lbound(y) to ubound(y) step 1

    z=len(y(i))

    count=0

  For j=1 to z step 1

      a=mid(y(i),j,1)

      if (a="T" or a="t") then

         count=count+1

      end if

  Next

  total=total+count

  msgbox "Given string has "&count&" letters"

Next

msgbox "Total letters= "&total

Print a below Pattern :

*****

***

***

**

*

Answer:

Dim y,z,i,j

y="*"

z=" "

For i=5 to 1 step-1

    z=" "

   For j=i to 1 step-1

      z=z&" "&y

    Next

print z

Next

Find a largest and smallest word in given string.

 Write a program to find the largest and smallest word in given string...?

Smallest word: an

Largest word: extraordinary 

str1="Hardships often prepare ordinary people for an extraordinary destiny"

SplitString=split(str1, " ")

For each x in SplitString

    If len(x)=2 Then

       Msgbox "Smallest word:  "&x

    elseif len(x)=12 then

        Msgbox "Largest word:  "&x

    End If

Next

Output:

Converts Alternate Characters are Capital letters

input = "bhojaraju bhojaraju"
charCounter = 1

For i  = 1 To len(input) Step 1
    char = Mid(input,i,1)

    If char <> " " Then
        If  charCounter mod 2 = 0 Then
            outPut = output & Ucase(char)
    Else
            outPut = output & lcase(char)
    End If

        charCounter = charCounter + 1
    Else
    output = output & char
      End If

Next

msgbox output

GetAllROProperties, GetROProperty, GetTOProperties and GetTOProperty

 GetAllROProperties Method :

Returns the collection of properties and current values from the object in the application.

Syntax : object.GetAllROProperties

Example : GetAllROProperties method to retrieve the current values of a WebCheckBox's properties from the application.

Set Props = Browser("Advantage Shopping").Page("Advantage Shopping")._

WebCheckBox("operating_system_1").GetAllROProperties

' Props contains the properties of the check box and their current values
NumberOfProperties = Props.Count
For i = 0 To NumberOfProperties - 1
    Print Props(i).Name & ": " & Props(i).Value
Next

Note : GetAllROProperties differs from the GetTOProperties method. GetAllROProperties returns the collection of properties and their current values from the object in the application during the test run. GetTOProperties returns the values from the test object's description.

GetROProperty Method : Returns the current value of the description property from the object in the application.

Syntax : object.GetROProperty (Property, [PropertyData])

Example : GetROProperty method to retrieve the state of a check box.

Val = Browser("Advantage Shopping").Page("Advantage Shopping")._

WebCheckBox("operating_system_1").GetROProperty("Value")
'val contains the ON or OFF state of the check box

Example : GetROProperty method to retrieve the number of items in a WebRadioGroup.

NumOfItems = Browser("Advantage Shopping").Page("Advantage Shopping")._

WebRadioGroup("safepay").GetROProperty("Items Count")
'NumOfItems contains "2"

Example : Retrieve the Value of a Property in an Edit Box

The following example iterates through the WebEdit objects on a page, searching for a 

specific WebEdit object in order
to set a value for it.
Dim editToSearch, valueToSet, numberOfEdits

'This is the value of the 'name' property for the WebEdit we want to find.

editToSearch = "phone_numberAccountDetails"

valueToSet = "17112345789" 'Create a description object to help 

retrieve all WebEdit objects in a specific page.
Set oDesc = Description.Create()
oDesc("micclass").Value = "WebEdit" 'Retrieve all WebEdit objects in this page

Set EditCollection = Browser("Advantage Shopping").Page("Advantage Shopping").ChildObjects(oDesc)
numberOfEdits = EditCollection.Count
'Search for a specific WebEdit and set its value
For i = 0 To NumberOfEdits - 1
    If EditCollection(i).GetROProperty("name") = editToSearch Then
        EditCollection(i).Set valueToSet
    End If

Next

Note : GetROProperty differs from the GetTOProperty method. GetROProperty returns the current property value of the object in the application during the test run. GetTOProperty returns the value from the test object's description.

GetTOProperties Method : Returns the collection of properties and values used to identify the object.

Syntax : object.GetTOProperties

Example: Display All Properties and Values of a Link Object

'The following example uses the GetTOProperties method to return a Property collection containing the test object description
'(properties and values) for the All kind of Link object. It then displays the property name and value of each property in
'the returned collection.

Set LinkObject = Browser("Index").Page("index").Link("All kind of")
Set Props = LinkObject.GetTOProperties
    PropsCount = Props.Count
For i = 0 To PropsCount - 1
    PropName = Props(i).Name
    PropValue = Props(i).Value
    MsgBox PropName & " = " & PropValue
Next

Example: Retrieve Properties Used to Identify a Table Object

'The following example uses the GetTOProperties method to retrieve the list of properties and values 

used to identify the PRODUCT NAME WebTable.
 Set TableDesc = Browser("Advantage Shopping").Page("Advantage Shopping").WebTable("PRODUCT NAME").GetTOProperties

Note: GetTOProperties differs from the GetROProperty method. GetTOProperties returns the values from the test object's description. GetROProperty returns the current property value of the object in the application during the test run.

GetTOProperty Method : Returns the value of the specified description property from the test object description.

Syntax : object.GetTOProperty (Property)

Example : Retrieve Value of an HTML Tag Property

'The following example uses the GetTOProperty method to retrieve the value of the WebList's html tag property from the Object
'Repository.

ListTag = Browser("Advantage Shopping").Page("Advantage Shopping").WebList("categoryListboxContactUs").GetTOProperty("html tag")
' ListTag contains "SELECT"

Note: GetTOProperty differs from the GetROProperty method. GetTOProperty returns the value from the test object's description. GetROProperty returns the current property value of the object in the application during the test run.